Cash crops (Salgsafgrøder)
Cash crops are produced at different kinds of farms all over Denmark (see agriculture). The production of cash crops is determined by the market demand and different kinds of farms react differently to changes in the market. The table below shows the estimated contribution (%) by 28 different farm types to an increase of the market demand (see Jensen and Andersen, 2003).
|
Farm type no.1) |
Farm type | Wheat |
Spring barley |
Winter barley |
Rape seed |
Potatoes | Sugar
beets |
| 1*2) | Part time farm | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 2 | Sugar beet farm | 4.2 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 2.6 | 0.0 | 12.6 |
| 3 | Seed farm | 8.4 | 4.0 | 5.1 | 20.3 | 1.4 | 20.2 |
| 4 | Dairy farm, LSU3) < 1.4 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 0.5 | 2.6 | 0.26 | 0.0 |
| 5 | Dairy farm, 1.4 < LSU < 2.3 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 3.2 |
| 6 | Dairy farm, LSU > 2.3 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.4 |
| 7 | Dairy farm, organic | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.33 | 1.4 |
| 8 | Pig farm, LSU < 1.4 | 6.5 | 3.3 | 16.6 | 6.6 | 0.0 | 0.3 |
| 9 | Pig farm, 1.4 < LSU < 1.7 | 5.6 | 2.5 | 14.2 | 5.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 10 | Pig farm, LSU > 1.7 | 11.2 | 1.5 | 24.9 | 8.4 | 0.0 | 2.1 |
| 11 | Cereals farm | 3.8 | 3.8 | 2.5 | 14.0 | 0.1 | 16.2 |
| 12* | Remains | 1.4 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 1.6 |
| 13* | Horticulture farm | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 14* | Part time farm | 0.2 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 15 | Potato farm | 1.9 | 5.4 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 35.7 | 0.0 |
| 16 | Dairy farm, LSU < 1.4 | 5.8 | 13.0 | 4.2 | 7.1 | 9.0 | 11.1 |
| 17 | Dairy farm, 1.4 < LSU < 2.3 | 2.6 | 5.6 | 3.1 | 1.6 | 9.7 | 4.7 |
| 18 | Dairy farm, LSU > 2.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.2 |
| 19 | Dairy farm, organic | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.4 |
| 20 | Pig farm, LSU < 1.4 | 14.8 | 18.0 | 9.2 | 10.3 | 0.5 | 1.4 |
| 21 | Pig farm, 1.4 < LSU < 1.7 | 5.1 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 22 | Pig farm, LSU > 1.7 | 11.9 | 9.9 | 0.0 | 4.4 | 0.0 | 7.8 |
| 23 | Cattle farm | 3.6 | 5.5 | 8.2 | 2.9 | 8.7 | 0.0 |
| 24 | Cereals farm | 2.8 | 6.5 | 1.9 | 6.0 | 24.6 | 3.8 |
| 25* | Remains | 4.6 | 5.8 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 9.2 | 3.4 |
| 26* | Horticulture | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 27* | Chicken farm | 1.1 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 28* | Other poultry | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
|
Total |
100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
1) Farm type 1-14 are located at clay soils, Farm type 15-26 are located at sandy soils, Farm type 27 and 28 are located at both types of soil. 2) Data are available in agriculture and in LCA-model except for farm types marked with *. 3) Livestock Units per hectare.
Environmental impacts associated with marginal
wheat, spring barley, winter barley, rapeseed, potatoes and sugar beet
production have
been determined as a weighted average of impacts associated with each crop
at each farm, see Dalgaard and Halberg (2003).
Rye and oat are only produced in small amounts in Denmark and it has not been possible to determine the marginal producers by modelling. Farm type 15 and 21 are the most important farms in terms of quantity of rye respectively oat production in Denmark and environmental impacts associated with rye and oat production have been determined from these two farm types.
The Danish climate is too cold for soy bean production and soy beans and products hereof (soy oil and soy cake) are imported from abroad. It appears that marginal soy beans are imported from Argentina and environmental impacts associated with soy beans have been derived from farms in Argentina.
Danish sugar beet production is regulated by international agreements. Analysis of sugar beet is based on an envisioned scenario without public regulation of the market (see Sugar).
The main processes influenced by cash crops, rape seed, soy bean, potatoes and sugar beet demand are shown in the figure below, exemplified with rye.
 |
| Figure 1: Market based product chain diagram for rye production covering the most important processes in terms of contribution to global warming. Boxes refer to production processes. Names of grey boxes refer to the main product of the processes. Red arrows represent material or energy transfer between two processes. Further details can be found in the LCA model. |
The
potential environmental
impacts associated with
a demand for cash crops
ex
farm
are provided in
the tables
below.
All data are provided per kg of product.
Wheat
|
Impact category |
Unit |
Conventional |
Organic |
|
Global warming |
g CO2-eq. | 710 |
280 |
|
Acidification |
g SO2-eq. | 5.3 |
4,5 |
| Nutrient enrichment | g NO3-eq. | 65 | 19 |
| Photochemical smog | g ethene eq. | 0.17 | 0.22 |
| Land use | m2 year | 1.5 | 2.2 |
| Location in database: Material/Food from primary sectors/Agriculture/ |
Winter barley
|
Impact category |
Unit |
Conventional |
Organic |
|
Global warming |
g CO2-eq. |
620 |
320 |
|
Acidification |
g SO2-eq. |
5.4 |
5.3 |
| Nutrient enrichment | g NO3-eq. | 43 |
22 |
| Photochemical smog | g ethene eq. | 0.19 | 0.56 |
| Land use | m2 year | 1.7 | 2.6 |
| Location in database: Material/Food from primary sectors/Agriculture/ |
Spring barley
|
Impact category |
Unit |
Conventional |
Organic |
|
Global warming |
g CO2-eq. |
650 |
400 |
|
Acidification |
g SO2-eq. |
5.8 |
6.3 |
| Nutrient enrichment | g NO3-eq. | 57 |
43 |
| Photochemical smog | g ethene eq. | 0.19 |
0.25 |
| Land use | m2 year | 2.0 |
3.2 |
| Location in database: Material/Food from primary sectors/Agriculture/ |
Oat
|
Impact category |
Unit |
Conventional |
Organic |
|
Global warming |
g CO2-eq. |
570 |
390 |
|
Acidification |
g SO2-eq. |
6.0 |
6.4 |
| Nutrient enrichment | g NO3-eq. | 33 | 45.7 |
| Photochemical smog | g ethene eq. | 0.22 | 0.25 |
| Land use | m2 year | 2.3 | 3.3 |
| Location in database: Material/Food from primary sectors/Agriculture/ |
Rye
|
Impact category |
Unit |
Conventional |
Organic |
|
Global warming |
g CO2-eq. |
720 |
620 |
|
Acidification |
g SO2-eq. |
6.0 |
8.0 |
| Nutrient enrichment | g NO3-eq. | 68 |
86 |
| Photochemical smog | g ethene eq. | 0.21 | 0.38 |
| Land use | m2 year | 2.0 |
4.0 |
| Location in database: Material/Food from primary sectors/Agriculture/ |
Rape seed
|
Impact category |
Unit |
Conventional |
Organic |
|
Global warming |
g CO2-eq. | 1510 |
950 |
|
Acidification |
g SO2-eq. | 11.8 |
11.1 |
| Nutrient enrichment | g NO3-eq. | 149 |
181 |
| Photochemical smog | g ethene eq. | 0.37 |
0.45 |
| Land use | m2 year | 3.5 |
5.68 |
| Location in database: Material/Food from primary sectors/Agriculture/ |
Soy beans
|
Impact category |
Unit |
Conventional |
Organic |
|
Global warming |
g CO2-eq. |
620 |
|
|
Acidification |
g SO2-eq. |
0.70 |
|
| Nutrient enrichment | g NO3-eq. | 5.99 | |
| Photochemical smog | g ethene eq. | 0.12 | |
| Land use | m2 year | 3.3 |
| Location in database: Material/Food from primary sectors/Agriculture/ |
Potatoes
|
Impact category |
Unit |
Ex farm | Ex retail1) | ||
| Conventional |
Organic |
Conventional |
Organic |
||
|
Global warming |
g CO2-eq. |
160 | 220 |
|
|
|
Acidification |
g SO2-eq. |
1.16 | 1.5 |
|
|
|
Nutrient enrichment |
g NO3-eq. |
14 | 14.4 |
|
|
|
Photochemical smog |
g ethene eq. |
0.004 | 0.16 |
|
|
|
Land use |
m2 year |
0.31 | 0.31 |
|
|
| 1) Data on potatoes ex retail refer to fresh potatoes, which have been transferred from the farm through wholesale to retail store without industrial processing. |
| Location in database: Material/Food from primary sectors/Agriculture/ |
Sugar beet
|
Impact category |
Unit |
Conventional |
Organic |
|
Global warming |
g CO2-eq. |
160 |
|
|
Acidification |
g SO2-eq. |
0.59 |
|
|
Nutrient enrichment |
g NO3-eq. |
1,56 |
|
|
Photochemical smog |
g ethene eq. |
0.025 |
|
|
Land use |
m2 year |
0.2 |
|
| Location in database: Material/Food from primary sectors/Agriculture/ |
References:
Jensen JD and Andersen M (2003). Marginale producenter af udvalgte landbrugsprodukter. FØI Working paper no. 08/2003 (in Danish).FOI.
Dalgaard R and Halberg N et al (2003). An LC inventory based on representative and coherent farm types. Danish institute of agricultural science