Milk (without quotas)
Milkproducts are produced at dairies from milk produced at dairy farms. The marginal farms cannot be determined based on experience as for other agricultural products because the market has been regulated by quotas for many years (Jensen and Andersen, 2003). However, based on Jensen and Andersen (2003) it has been assumed that the marginal milk is produced on sandy soils at farms with high livestock density (Farm type 17 (50%) and 18 (50%)). Furthermore, it has been assumed that milk production determines the extent of cattle production and that milk fat is still in excess in the market and that cream is still converted into butter and exported and sold cheap like today with quotas (see cattle and butter).
The main processes influenced by milk demand are shown in the figure below with full milk ex dairy as example.
|
|
| Figure 1: Market based product chain diagram for full milk production covering the most important processes in terms of contribution to global warming in an envisioned scenario without milk quotas. Boxes refer to production processes. Names of grey boxes refer to the main product of the processes. Red arrows represent material or energy transfer between two processes; green arrows represent saved material or energy transfer as a result of displacements; green lines represent displacements and red lines represent avoided displacements. Further details can be found in the LCA model. |
Dairy
cows at farm type 17 and 18 are producing the milk which used for full milk
production. For details about processes prior to the dairy see
milk ex farm.
Usage of milk from
farm and contributions to butter production is specific for specific
kinds of milk
due their different
fat contents
and
the
specific milk consumptions and contributions to butter
production have been determined for each category of milk based on fat
contents. See
table below.
|
|
Fat content (%) |
Raw milk1) consumption |
Cream2) |
|
Skimmed milk |
0.1 |
1.12 |
0.12 |
|
Low fat milk |
1.5 |
1.08 |
0.08 |
|
Full milk |
3.5 |
1.02 |
0.02 |
|
Mini milk |
0.5 |
1.11 |
0.11 |
|
1) 4.29% fat; 2) 38% fat. |
The potential environmental impacts associated with milk demand ex dairy and ex retail are shown in the tables below. All data are provided per kg of milk product.
Skimmed milk
|
Impact category
|
Unit | Ex dairy |
Ex retail |
||
|
Conventional |
Organic |
Conventional |
Organic |
||
|
Global warming |
g CO2-eq. | 1200 |
|
1240 | |
|
Acidification |
g SO2-eq. | 12 |
|
12 | |
| Nutrient enrichment | g NO3-eq. | 58 | 58 | ||
| Photochemical smog | g ethene eq. | 0.34 | 0.42 | ||
| Land use | m2 year | 1.7 | 1.7 | ||
| Location in database: Materials/scenario without milk quotas/food from industry/ and Materials/scenario without milk quotas/food from supermarket/ |
Low fat milk
|
Impact category
|
Unit | Ex dairy |
Ex retail |
||
|
Conventional |
Organic |
Conventional |
Organic |
||
|
Global warming |
g CO2-eq. | 1150 |
|
1200 |
|
|
Acidification |
g SO2-eq. | 11 |
|
12 |
|
| Nutrient enrichment | g NO3-eq. | 56 | 56 | ||
| Photochemical smog | g ethene eq. | 0.33 | 0.42 | ||
| Land use | m2 year | 1.6 | 1.6 | ||
| Location in database: Materials/scenario without milk quotas/food from industry/ and Materials/scenario without milk quotas/food from supermarket/ |
Full milk
|
Impact category
|
Unit | Ex dairy |
Ex retail |
||
|
Conventional |
Organic |
Conventional |
Organic |
||
|
Global warming |
g CO2-eq. | 1090 |
|
1140 |
|
|
Acidification |
g SO2-eq. | 11 |
|
11 |
|
| Nutrient enrichment | g NO3-eq. | 53 | 53 | ||
| Photochemical smog | g ethene eq. | 0.31 | 0.40 | ||
| Land use | m2 year | 1.5 | 1.5 | ||
| Location in database: Materials/scenario without milk quotas/food from industry/ and Materials/scenario without milk quotas/food from supermarket/ |
Mini milk
|
Impact category
|
Unit | Ex dairy |
Ex retail |
||
|
Conventional |
Organic |
Conventional |
Organic |
||
|
Global warming |
g CO2-eq. | 2190 |
|
1230 |
|
|
Acidification |
g SO2-eq. | 12 |
|
12 |
|
| Nutrient enrichment | g NO3-eq. | 57 | 58 | ||
| Photochemical smog | g ethene eq. | 0.34 | 0.43 | ||
| Land use | m2 year | 1.6 | 1.6 | ||